Misrule of Law

Merle Haggard, a country music icon, was emblematic of a tumultuous era in America. He deserves to be remembered.

This essay originally appeared in Law & Liberty, on March 4, 2022 (here). Thanks to Power Line, Real Clear Books (here), Scott Johnson’s Sunday Morning Coming Down (here and here), and Real Clear Policy (here)! And talk about a coincidence in the Washington Free Beacon (here)! And thanks to my old friends at the San Diego Troubadour (here).

It is sometimes difficult to place popular musicians in a larger cultural context, and this was not the goal of Marc Eliot’s impressively-thorough (445 page!) biography of country music icon Merle Haggard, entitled The Hag (2022). However, since this is Law & Liberty rather than a publication devoted to music, I’m going to expand upon Eliot’s respectful (but not hagiographic) treatment of the prolific singer-songwriter, who died in 2016 on his 79^th birthday. Fans of Haggard or country music generally will enjoy The Hag as a celebration of Haggard’s contribution to the “Bakersfield sound,” a distinctive variation of a genre typically associated with Nashville.  Readers may balk at Eliot’s comparison of his subject to Robert Frost, Frank Sinatra, Bob Wills, and Bob Dylan, but they will emerge with a deeper appreciation for a musician who is often undeservedly overshadowed by “cross-over” artists such as Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, and Waylon Jennings.

Haggard was undeniably authentic. His parents were “Okies” who fled the Depression-era Dustbowl for California’s lower San Joaquin Valley. Left fatherless at age 9, Haggard grew up poor in a converted railroad car alongside train tracks in a dusty oil patch near Bakersfield, in a town called Oildale. Always a rebel and never a good student, Haggard was a chronic truant and serial runaway. Beginning as a boy, he would “ride the rails” by hopping passing freight trains. A self-taught guitarist who preferred music to books, Haggard loved listening to Lefty Frizzell, Jimmie Rogers, and Bob Wills. Unfortunately, a rash temper and poor impulse control led to many encounters with law enforcement—and periods of incarceration–even as a juvenile. By the age of 20, he was a convicted felon, serving time in San Quentin prison for armed robbery.

Many country musicians would pose as “outlaws,” and Cash famously performed at San Quentin (with Haggard in the audience), but Haggard was the real thing. Despite these inauspicious beginnings, within years of his release on parole from San Quentin in 1960, Haggard changed direction and became one of the most successful country musicians in the country. (California Gov. Ronald Reagan issued Haggard a full pardon in 1972.) In the following decades, Haggard released over 100 albums, recorded more than 600 songs (250 of which he wrote), many of them hits, toured extensively, and won numerous awards, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006 and the Kennedy Center Honor in 2010 (along with Paul McCartney). Haggard even made the cover of Time magazine in 1974, the first country musician to be so featured.

In the late 1960s, Haggard’s gritty, unadorned approach to songwriting—in contrast to the more mainstream “countrypolitan” sound then coming out of Nashville–attracted the attention of influential musicians such as Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and country-rock pioneer Gram Parsons. At that moment—1969–America was fraught with cultural turmoil. The so-called hippie movement was in full bloom, as were anti-Vietnam War protests and campus unrest. The “Psychedelic Sixties” or “Age of Aquarius” peaked with the Woodstock festival in the summer of 1969. Never before had one generation been in such a state of rebellion against its elders. “Don’t trust anyone over 30,” Yippie activist Abbie Hoffman warned.

Hailing from Bakersfield, and following in the path blazed by Buck Owens (whom he ultimately eclipsed), Haggard appealed to an audience comprised primarily of middle-class adults, with blue-collar or rural roots. This audience—sometimes described as “rednecks”–was patriotic, conservative, and old-fashioned. In 1969 Haggard released his (arguably) most famous song, “Okie from Muskogee,” which became the anthem for America’s embattled Silent Majority and endeared him to President Richard Nixon. Haggard claimed that the song was a tribute to his father, a failed farmer who grew up near Muskogee, but the lyrics resonated more widely:

We don’t smoke marijuana in Muskogee
We don’t take our trips on LSD
We don’t burn our draft cards down on Main Street
We like livin’ right, and bein’ free

We don’t make a party out of lovin’
We like holdin’ hands and pitchin’ woo
We don’t let our hair grow long and shaggy
Like the hippies out in San Francisco do

I’m proud to be an Okie from Muskogee,
A place where even squares can have a ball
We still wave Old Glory down at the courthouse,
And white lightnin’s still the biggest thrill of all

Leather boots are still in style for manly footwear
Beads and Roman sandals won’t be seen
Football’s still the roughest thing on campus
And the kids here still respect the college dean

And I’m proud to be an Okie from Muskogee
A place where even squares can have a ball.
We still wave Old Glory down at the courthouse
And white lightnin’s still the biggest thrill of all

And white lightnin’s still the biggest thrill of all
In Muskogee, Oklahoma, USA.

Haggard doubled-down the following year with the equally-pugnacious hit, “The Fightin’ Side of Me,” which warned:

They’re walkin’ on the fightin’ side of me
Runnin’ down a way of life
Our fightin’ men have fought and died to keep
If you don’t love it, leave it
Let this song that I’m singin’ be a warnin’
When you’re runnin’ down our country, hoss
You’re walkin’ on the fightin’ side of me.

Haggard was far from a one-trick pony. He had 38 Billboard No. 1 hits. His catalog of songs over the years covers the gamut of eternal country themes: drinking (“The Bottle Let Me Down”), hard living (“Swinging Doors”), prison (“Sing Me Back Home”), bad choices (“Mama Tried”), romance (“Today I Started Loving You Again”), loss (“Silver Wings”), poverty (“Hungry Eyes”), trains (“No More Trains to Ride”), struggle (“If We Make It Through December”), and odes to the working man (“Workin’ Man Blues”), rural life (“Big City”), and free spirits (“Ramblin’ Fever”). His duet with Willie Nelson covering Townes Van Zandt’s “Pancho and Lefty” is an all-time classic.  

Yet, despite good looks (Haggard bore a striking resemblance to James Dean as a young man), a beautiful singing voice, instrumental skills, stage presence, and prolific song-writing, Haggard never generated the broad appeal of other artists, such as Elvis Presley’s movie success, the television audience of Johnny Cash, Glen Campbell, or Roy Clark (via Hee Haw), or the multi-generational popularity of Kris Kristofferson, Bob Dylan, country-rock groups such as the Eagles, and even Dolly Parton. Eliot does not explicitly spell out an explanation, but the reader can form some conclusions from the abundantly detailed factual recitation in The Hag. Many artists are haunted by demons, which inspire their creativity, and this was certainly the case with Haggard, but those same demons sometimes hindered his success.

Several factors may have contributed to Haggard’s limited appeal. Haggard’s middle-class/blue-collar identification cemented his popularity with that demographic, while alienating him from a broader, younger audience at a critical point in his career. He later toured occasionally with Bob Dylan and appeared at festivals with Willie Nelson, but he always retained his image as a conventional country music artist rather than a hybrid or “outlaw” (although he was an outlaw).  He never grew his hair long a la Willie Nelson and his beard, by the time he sported one, was not uncommon among country musicians.  

His stage presence did not translate to the movie (or TV) screen, although he tried. He was headstrong and independent enough to refuse an invitation to appear on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1970 due to his disagreement with the format.  He also declined a role in the 1977 blockbuster Smokey and the Bandit.

Haggard’s career was not enhanced by an undisciplined and tumultuous personal life. An inveterate philanderer, he was married five times; to the extent that his songs addressed cheating and heartbreak, he was projecting. He also drank, gambled, smoked cigarettes (likely contributing to his eventual heart disease and lung cancer), abused cocaine during the 1980s, and at least by the late 1970s was a closet marijuana user—claiming that his doctor recommended it! Ironically, his felony record was off-putting to some traditional country fans, while—unlike Willie Nelson–he kept his drug use private for many years even though it may have widened his youth appeal.

Early on, Haggard had chosen his cultural “lane” and had to live with that. He was “old school,” and loved traditional country music performed by conventional-looking musicians. Haggard declined to play on the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band’s Will the Circle Be Unbroken? project because they were “long-hair hippie types.” Haggard never managed to bridge the “generation gap,” and barely tried. 

Haggard was a complex figure. He loved being on the road, traveling on his bus, which reminded him of riding in a freight car. (He had a life-long fascination with trains.)  Unlike many other major country artists, he avoided living in Nashville; he valued his privacy and preferred living in remote parts of California—sometimes on a houseboat. He was a loner, despite his numerous marriages. Even his band was called “The Strangers.” He was stubborn and independent-minded. Despite his abundant talent, he was not temperamentally equipped to be “directed,” as Colonel Tom Parker had done for Elvis and as Brian Epstein did for the Beatles. He had limited business acumen and made his share of bad decisions, resulting in IRS problems and a bankruptcy in 1992. Nonetheless, Haggard–contradictions and all–was true to himself and managed to achieve remarkable (albeit cyclical) despite his humble origins, troubled past, and self-inflicted obstacles.

Eliot, who previously wrote a best-selling biography of the Eagles, The Limit (1998), among many other books on popular culture figures, displays considerable familiarity with the music industry, and his detailed book will be of great interest to fans of Merle Haggard or the country music scene in the decades from 1960-2000, the arc of Haggard’s career. Moreover, the life and times of “The Hag” are illustrative of larger cultural themes that shaped America during that era.  He was the voice of blue-collar America during a difficult, disruptive epoch, the informal poet laureate of the nation’s middle class–the working man’s Robert Frost.

The duality between Haggard’s old-fashioned song lyrics and his troubled, libertine personal life may strike some as hypocritical, but it reflects the tensions inherent in the generational conflict that roiled the nation during that period. Poets invoke the readers’ deeply-held sentiments and attitudes. Artists convey images and do not pretend to be exemplars. Story-tellers entertain the audience with myths and fables. Haggard was a poet, artist, and story-teller—not a preacher. He gave voice to what middle America was feeling without pretending to be a model citizen himself. Musicians are rarely saints, and Haggard was no exception. Many country musicians died young of alcohol abuse or drug overdoses, including Hank Williams, Lefty Frizzell, and Keith Whitley, but Haggard was a survivor.

That the son of an Okie and an ex-con who served time in San Quentin could count as fans U.S. Presidents as diverse as Nixon and Barack Obama demonstrates the power of redemption in this resilient country: Only in America.